ArticleA recent Q&A saw the Christians in the Colosseum – Sydney Anglican Archbishop Peter Jensen facing atheist comedian Catherine Deveny. No doubt hopes were high that Jensen, the ‘dinosaur’ (as Deveny called him) would be torn to shreds by the more enlightened ‘chattering class’.
A cursory glance at the Twitter and Facebook feeds after the show revealed Christians applauding Jensen’s performance as measured, gracious and respectful, while atheists condemned him as intolerant, irrational, and bigoted. Something like the reverse was evident in assessments of Deveny’s performance.
Were they watching the same show? Clearly arguments alone aren’t enough to persuade people to change their beliefs – especially concerning the emotive topic of marriage. Ultimately something beyond reason and rationality determines our beliefs.
So says UK Broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, himself an agnostic, who argues that we have to challenge the New Atheists’ reputed monopoly on reason because reason is not “the primary source of knowledge.”
Citing philosopher David Hume in support, Bragg contends, “We start with emotions and passions and feelings, the roots of which we don’t know and perhaps will never know. Things come to us outside the realms of reason; intimations of love, surprise by joy, little pulses that we don’t know where they come from, we don’t know where they lead to, but they satisfy us or they make us despair.”
Along with Hume, Bragg could well have cited seventeenth-century French polymath Blaise Pascal, who died 350 years ago this year. Albert Einstein said Pascal was the smartest man to live in Europe during the last 1,000 years. Pascal invented the calculating machine, the barometer, the hydraulic press and the syringe. He was also the author of a classic work, Pensées (“Thoughts”), a series of reflections in defense of the Christian faith.
It is not that Pascal saw no place for reason in defending faith in God. Rather he believed that reason alone is insufficient. In his words, there are “two excesses” to be avoided when it comes to the knowledge of God: “to exclude reason, and to admit nothing but reason.”
Pascal cites knowing you are awake as an example of the limitations of reason. In a passage that uncannily preempts the plot of the film Inception, Pascal points out that since a person can dream that they are dreaming, it is impossible to prove by reason that you are awake: “As we often dream we are dreaming, piling up one dream on another, is it not possible that this half of our life is itself just a dream, on to which the others are grafted, and from which we shall awake when we die?” Yet, he observes, we do know when we are awake and not dreaming.
We know the truth not only through our reason but also through our heart.
When it comes to faith in God Pascal holds that “the heart has its reasons of which reason knows nothing: we know this in countless ways. We know the truth not only through our reason but also through our heart.” Analogous to knowing you are awake, we can be aware of God without mounting an argument from reason: “It is the heart which perceives God and not the reason. That is what faith is: God perceived by the heart.”
According to Pascal, Christian faith answers our deepest yearnings in the midst of the messiness of life. The bulk of Pensées explores how the longings of the human heart point to God. The human heart seeks transcendence, is impressed by antiquity, searches for wisdom, yearns for justice, needs hope, loves beauty, senses its own darkness, is appalled by evil, repulsed by death and aches for the reassurance of a satisfying story to make sense of our existence.
Pascal concludes Pensées with its most famous sentence: “There is a God shaped vacuum in the heart of every person which cannot be filled by any created thing, but only by God.” Pascal’s inspiration for this sentiment is the fifth century Augustine, whose autobiographical Confessions includes the following prayer: “Our hearts are restless until they rest in you.”
What do atheists do with such longings? Alain de Botton admits that he himself has them and his Religion for Atheists makes some attempt to deal with them. But tellingly his advice apes religion. Does his idea of building temples to love, calm or perspective deal adequately with our search for transcendence? Are you inspired by it to ‘worship’? Bragg pours scorn on the proposal: “For that you need faith and the New Atheists haven’t got faith.”
In the end, can a materialistic worldview account for the human heart? To what end is my sense of justice and my yearning for transcendence, and so on, in purely evolutionary terms?
A big challenge for the New Atheists is to engage not just our minds but also our hearts. If you like, our right brain as well as our left. What seems to be missing from the atheist accounts of the human condition is an acknowledgement of our vulnerability and frailty, along with our sense of wonder and awe. As Dostoevsky’s ‘Underground Man’ insisted, there’s more to life than two times two equals four.
Dr Brian Rosner is the Principal of Ridley Melbourne and a Fellow of the Centre for Public Christianity.
This article first appeared in The Australian.