VideoTranscript
SIMON SMART: For many of us, it’s difficult to imagine living in a world where the vast majority of people are illiterate.
In the West, written words are the currency of life. By them we access culture, learning, influence – and through them we make our own voices heard.
But in a world where few can read or write, those things belong to an elite few. And everyone else is simply excluded.
That’s what Europe in the Middle Ages was like.
Medieval clergymen kept the power of the written word to themselves, happy to be the gatekeepers of the high culture associated with Latin and the Bible. After all, you wouldn’t want just anyone having access to ideas that, in the wrong hands, could be incredibly subversive.
But change was on the way.
Martin Luther was a German monk, who in 1517 nailed to a church door his famous 95 theses calling for the reform of Christianity.
Luther intention wasn’t to start a new church, but by 1521 he’d been excommunicated for his ideas. And powerful friends of his, who were fearing for his life, stashed him away here at Wartburg Castle. He grew a beard and long hair, and he lived incognito for a year as the German aristocrat Junker Jörg – or “Knight George”.
But Luther didn’t spend that time twiddling his thumbs. He sat down to translate the New Testament into German, and finished the whole thing in 11 weeks!
And the result had a more profound impact than anyone could have imagined.
There were other German translations of the Bible before Luther. But church authorities had banned their publication. Not because they didn’t want people reading the scriptures, but because, they claimed, “the poverty of the German language did not mediate the true meaning of the holy texts.” In other words, German just wasn’t good enough a language for the Bible.
Luther disagreed. He took the high German used by the upper classes and fused it with the everyday language of the people. He wanted to put the ancient wisdom of the Bible into words that people used at home, and in the marketplace.
When translating, he would always ask, “What would a German say in this situation?” He really wanted to provide a Bible for everybody in Germany, and he didn’t think that the people, or their language, were unequal to the task.
When Luther died in 1546, half a million copies of his Bible had been sold. He never requested or received a single pfennig. But the Luther Bible went on to become the most popular book in German households. Its incredibly creative and lively use of language was so influential, it forged for the first time a common tongue for all Germans.
Across the British Channel, the great hero in this translation endeavour was William Tyndale. He was a brilliant scholar who’d thrown away a promising career to put an English version of the New Testament in the hands of his fellow countrymen.
Tyndale very much had the common person in mind. He once got into an argument – a heated argument – with a learned clergyman, who believed it would be better for people just to listen to the teachings of the church rather than read the Bible for themselves.
Well Tyndale was having none of that, he was furious. And he turned to the clergyman, and said, “If God allows me to live long enough, I will cause the boy who drives the plough to know more of the scriptures than you!”
Translating the Bible into the “common tongue” had been illegal in England for more than a century. But Tyndale was undeterred.
He went to Germany to seek help from Luther, and when his English New Testament was finally printed in 1525, it was smuggled into England.
Tyndale paid a high price for his vision. He spent the last decade of his life in hiding, before finally being betrayed by a close friend, and tried for heresy by King Henry VIII.
This celebrated reformer, this champion of the English language, was strangled and then burned at the stake in October 1536. His last words were a prayer: “Lord, open the King of England’s eyes”.
Within just a couple of years, Henry commanded that an English Bible be placed in every parish church in England.
NICK SPENCER: William Tyndale, the earliest and greatest English reformer, wrote one book of political theology called The Obedience of the Christian Man. And it pretty much does what it says on the tin: “the way to respond to authority is to obey it”. But Tyndale the political authoritarian was also Tyndale the evangelical. And Tyndale the evangelical wanted to put, gave his life to putting, an accessible, readable, and it genuinely is an amazingly readable, copy of the New Testament in the vernacular in the hands of everybody no matter who they were. And we mean everybody – not just rich men but women (risky thing to do), ploughboys, tradesmen, that kind of thing. And in doing so he radically undermined political authoritarianism, because that’s like me giving you a copy of the UN Declaration of Human Rights or the Magna Carta or the Bill of Rights or whatever it is and saying to you, “Read it yourself. Inwardly digest. Think about what it means for you and for society”. So not surprisingly, within a couple of years of Henry’s government officials chaining up vernacular Bibles in churches across England, they were passing legislation which was saying, actually, the wrong kind of people mustn’t read them.
SIMON SMART: When the King James Bible came out decades later – a book that would decisively shape English literature and culture – it was based almost entirely on Tyndale’s work.
It’s hard to imagine today how languages like French and German and English – the language of Shakespeare and Austen, Hemingway and J. K. Rowling – could be considered unsuitable for containing important ideas.
At heart, that attitude towards the people’s language is really an attitude towards the people – that the ordinary person is somehow unworthy of learning, or incapable of independent thought.
By translating the Bible, people like Luther and Tyndale were obeying a truly democratic impulse. One with huge implications.
One of those implications was mass education. If you want everyone to read the Bible, first you have to teach them how to read. And that simple task has had a profound effect on our world.
MARILYNNE ROBINSON: I think it’s a very beautiful thing that they were so loyal to the vernacular to create a whole Bible, you know, and to try to reach people who could have no meaningful sense of it at all, and teach literacy at the same time. I think that’s one of the most beautiful things in history.